In recognition of the poor eating quality of the longnose lancetfish (Alepisaurus ferox), parts of this story are written in poor taste.
Longnose lancetfish, also known as longsnouted lancetfish and cannibal fish, wash up on the beach here occasionally. Their discovery sometimes makes the news. I’ve even seen them correctly identified in a local paper.
The lancetfish has sharp teeth, including large fangs that protrude from the roof of its enormous mouth. It also has a sail-like dorsal fin. It’s long and skinny with flabby flesh, and its skull is remarkably lightweight for something with such big teeth. And just for your fishy titillation, they are synchronous hermaphrodites (male and female at the same time).
As one of their common names suggests, longnose lancetfish are notorious cannibals. Their own kind makes up a significant percentage of their diet. The equivalent for me is probably burritos.
Despite looking so sleek and speedy, lancetfish don’t have much stamina. Flabby, watery muscles limit them to slow cruising and short lunges. They lurk in the open ocean, ambushing any prey that’s not moving very fast. Guess who else is lurking around not moving very fast? Yep. Somewhere out there is probably a large lancetfish with a medium lancetfish with a small lancetfish with a baby lancetfish in its stomach. (I want that as a nesting doll.)
We humans, in our “higher animal way,” only engage in cannibalism for ceremonial, recreational or survival purposes. And we generally avoid eating children. For example, one of the lesser known lost-in-the-snow pioneer wagon train parties ate only adult crew members for survival, despite having several otherwise useless succulent babies with them. They even placated the crying babies by giving them thumbs to suck on.
A longnose lancetfish wagon train would have brought the children as provisions. And the survivors wouldn’t have suffered all the angst.
Lancetfish also eat a lot of plastic. The two that I’ve had the pleasure of cutting open both contained significant plastic. The first had a shampoo bottle in it — along with a soda bottle cap, another plastic fragment, a squid beak, a small tomcod, a smelt-like fish and some cool wormy parasites. I’d hypothesize that the poor fish’s stomach was too full of shampoo bottle to get enough real food into it, which lead to its death.
The second lancetfish had nine spiny dogfish sharks (Squalus acanthias) in its stomach. It also contained a sheet of plastic-wrap lining its entire stomach, which may have prevented the lancetfish from digesting the sharks.
I found an awesome thesis by Lesley Jantz online entitled Ingestion of Plastic Marine Debris by Longnose Lancetfish in the Hawai’i-Based Shallow-Set Longline Fishery. It has a great picture of a lancetfish regurgitating a smaller lancetfish through its gill opening. Anyway, this thesis found that 47 out of 192 lancetfish sampled had plastic debris in their stomachs. The author suggests that since longnose lancetfish fish will consume almost anything they can catch, bits of plastic are an attractive “prey item.”
To cheer you up, here’s how to preserve your own longnose lancetfish skull if you’re lucky enough to find one. Simmer the head for a few seconds at a time — don’t just toss it in boiling water. Then as the flesh starts to peel away, scrape it off with a toothbrush and pick out the inner bits with tweezers or a dental pick. The skulls are so lightweight you can to keep them intact if you are careful. And most of the flesh is gelatinous, so it’s easy to remove. Once cleaned, let it dry with its mouth propped open. If it gets discolored or smelly, just dose it in hydrogen peroxide.
Biologist Mike Kelly writes other stuff as M. Sid Kelly on Amazon.
This article appears in Flash Fiction 2017.
From time to time we see these beautiful fish washed up on local shores. Their home range extends down over a mile deep. While I had thought from some morphological composition, that they stayed pretty deep (about 2,000 ft in the day), I suspect that they rise and descend in that happy crowd called the deep scattering layer by early navy sonarmen.
the Lancet’s huge gape along with the rather transparent teeth are characteristics of those who live in the dark with limited access to lots of food including those on the chain up from organisms that fix calcium.
These are astonishingly beautiful animals, and strangely that large dorsal fin is a trait of some of the fastest fish existing. The sailfish extends its very similar back fin in order to change course as agilely as the smaller prey it eats, and their narrow bodies are indicative of the magnificent ambush predator, the Great Barracuda who, when moderate in size, can flash to different positions more quickly than the eye can follow.
But I suppose we have to go with any discoveries by cellular biologists, who must have been the source of the suggestion that Lancets are slow. Perhaps their morphology is relative to the other more benthic fish, some of whom only catch dinner a few times of year, and so benefit from a torpid existence.
On the other hand, exploring the hormonal and smooth muscle of someone like the rattlesnake, we find that some bodies actually develop in response to a NEED for lunch. That particular beauty increases anabolic activity that restores a digestive system withered from the once-a-month or twice-a-year dining event. We have only recently learned some of the cognitive and social capacities of fish, and know far less about the periodic physiological changes that occur in aquatic species. We mostly see ’em when they are drowning in a foreign milieu, close to or already dead.
When you come across a Lancet or a giant red squid, or some other mysterious old relative of ours (I have only come across two salps in my life, both on the same day!), it’s a lot of fun to identify and find out more about its life and home.
I spent much of the first decades of my life in the sea, and have been saddened by the absence of the tremendous densities of fish and other organisms I can still picture, only in my mind. You can’t imagine how once common were 16-18 ft. sharks, opaque walls of schooling fish and birds, or 500 pound grouper and even larger rays, flying through the world outside our knowledge. There are two generations older than me still living, and so the loss has been lightning fast as well as catastrophic.
George Mira – great comment. I think they consider the lancetfish to be slow in terms of sustained speed. I suspect that its dorsal fin and body shape allow it to maneuver quickly during feeding lunges. But as you point out, what we think we know about aquatic animals requires a lot of speculation…
Wow Mike, Ive never seen one of these guys before. Cannibalism is quite across the animal kingdom and especially common in fish. Basically, the more eggs or offspring, the more cannibalism. Horrible about all that plastic though.